Empirical Research About Same-sex Intimate Partner Violence a Methodological Review

The controversy over NFL star Ray Rice and the instance of domestic violence he perpetrated, which was defenseless on video camera, stirred wide discussion nigh sports culture, domestic violence and even the psychology of victims and their circuitous responses to abuse. In 2015, domestic violence drew a national spotlight again when the South Carolina newspaper, the Post and Courier, won a Pulitzer Prize for its investigation of women who were driveling past men and had been dying at a rate of i every 12 days.

The research on domestic violence, referred to more precisely in academic literature as "intimate partner violence" (IPV), has grown substantially over the by few decades. Although noesis of the trouble and its scope have deepened, the issue remains a major health and social trouble afflicting women. In November 2014 the Earth Health Organisation estimated that 35% of all women have experienced either intimate partner violence or sexual violence by a non-partner during their lifetimes. This figure is supported by the findings of a 2013 peer-reviewed metastudy — the well-nigh rigorous form of enquiry assay — published in the leading bookish journal Science. That metastudy constitute that "in 2010, 30.0% [95% conviction interval (CI) 27.8 to 32.two%] of women aged xv and over have experienced, during their lifetime, physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence." The prevalence found amidst high-income regions in N America was 21.3%. Of form, under-reporting remains a substantial trouble in this research area.

In 2010, the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, institute that "more than 1 in 3 women (35.6%) … in the United states have experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime." That survey was subsequently updated in September 2014. The findings, based on telephone surveys with more than than 12,000 people in 2011, include:

The lifetime prevalence of physical violence past an intimate partner was an estimated 31.five% amongst women and in the 12 months before taking the survey, an estimated iv.0% of women experienced some form of physical violence by an intimate partner. An estimated 22.3% of women experienced at least one act of severe physical violence by an intimate partner during their lifetimes. With respect to individual severe concrete violence behaviors, being slammed against something was experienced by an estimated xv.4% of women, and existence hitting with a fist or something difficult was experienced by 13.two% of women. In the 12 months before taking the survey, an estimated two.iii% of women experienced at least one grade of severe physical violence past an intimate partner.

Still, the overall rates of IPV in the United States accept been generally falling over the past two decades, and in 2013 the federal government reauthorized an enhanced Violence Against Women Human activity, adding further legal protections and broadening the groups covered to include LGBT persons and Native American women. (For research on the relatively higher violence rates amid gay men, run across the 2012 written report "Intimate Partner Violence and Social Pressure among Gay Men in Vi Countries.")

In terms of victim response, social scientists continue to examine factors that might predict when women may feel empowered to report abuse and leave relationships.

A 2013 study published in the Periodical of Marriage and Family, "Women'due south Didactics, Marital Violence, and Divorce: A Social Substitution Perspective," analyzes a nationally representative sample of more 900 immature U.South. women to wait at factors that brand females more likely to leave abusive relationships. The researchers, Derek A. Kreager, Richard B. Felson, Cody Warner and Marin R. Wenger, are all at Pennsylvania Country University. They note that traditional "social exchange theory" would suggest that equally women accept more resources, they become less dependent on men and have more opportunities outside relationships, and therefore accept more than ability to divorce. The report sets out to "decide whether the relationship betwixt a adult female's education and divorce is different in violent marriages." The researchers likewise hypothesize that women who have higher levels of education are less likely to get divorced in general — prior bookish work they cite supports this — but they aim to run into how the introduction of intimate partner violence changes this dynamic.

The written report's findings include:

• The data provide "back up for our primary hypotheses that women's instruction typically protects against divorce just that this association weakens in abusive marriages. In add-on, nosotros found a similar pattern for wives' proportional income, net of education. Together, these patterns propose that educational and financial resources benefit women past increasing marital stability in nonabusive marriages and promoting divorce in abusive marriages."
• Further, the "greater tendency for educated women to exit abusive marriages was substantial. For example, in highly fierce marriages, women with a higher degree had over a 10% greater probability of divorce in the observed time menstruum than women without a college degree."
• The study also finds that "women with economic resources were likely to leave unhappy marriages, regardless of whether they involve corruption. Similarly, degree-earning women were more probable than less educated women to leave vehement marriages, regardless of their feelings of dissatisfaction."

The researchers note that, across the U.South. population, more women are attaining higher degrees, and given the study's findings, this suggests "increases in women'due south education should reduce rates of domestic violence. In a population with many educated women, tearing marriages are likely to break up." They caution that it is also possible "that our observed patterns reflect husbands' perceptions and decisions. Perchance abusive men feel threatened by successful wives, which then increases divorce take chances. Nonabusive men may not feel threatened and thus stay with successful women." On this indicate, more than inquiry is required.

Related enquiry: A 2015 study titled "When War Comes Domicile: The Upshot of Combat Service on Domestic Violence" suggests that multiple deployments and longer deployment lengths may increase the adventure of family violence. A June 2014 study published in theJournal of Interpersonal Violence, "Intimate Partner Violence Before and During Pregnancy: Related Demographic and Psychosocial Factors and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms Amidst Mexican American Women," provides a snapshot of domestic violence in a community sample of low-income Hispanic women. A March 2013 written report from the U.S. Department of Justice's Agency of Justice Statistics, "Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010," provides a broad moving picture of such crimes across American society, examining the demographics of both victims and offenders. Regarding the outcome of IPV prevention, a 2003 metastudy published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), "Interventions for Violence Against Women: Scientific Review," constitute that "information nigh show-based approaches in the primary care setting for preventing IPV is seriously lacking…. Specifically, the effectiveness of routine principal care screening remains unclear, since screening studies accept not evaluated outcomes beyond the ability of the screening test to place abused women. Similarly, specific treatment interventions for women exposed to violence, including women's shelters, have not been adequately evaluated." Subsequent inquiry continues to find bug with current techniques for screening and detection.

Tags: gender, women and piece of work, crime, sex crimes

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Source: https://journalistsresource.org/criminal-justice/domestic-violence-abusive-relationships-research-review/

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